Led by June Lee, MD, PhD

AI-Autonomous Medical Wearables & Smart Textiles for Closed-Loop Measure & Diagnose, Control & Treat, and Autonomous Physiological Protection

The NSMS National Medical Armor & Closed-Loop Wearables Center (aArmor™) is a multidisciplinary translational research and technology center developing intelligent wearable systems that continuously sense human physiology, detect emerging risk, predict physiologic trajectories, and deliver precisely controlled interventions.

Led by June Lee, MD, PhD, aArmor™ integrates medical wearables, neurophysiology, cardiovascular and respiratory sensing, clinical pharmacology, smart textiles, microfluidic biosensing, bioelectronic medicine, edge AI, and closed-loop control into a new class of adaptive theranostic systems.

The Center's central concept is Medical Armor: a wearable physiological protection layer designed to move medicine from intermittent measurement and reactive treatment toward continuous sensing, early prediction, personalized intervention, and real-time physiological optimization.

aArmor™ bridges:

• Closed-Loop Medical Wearables

• Smart-Textile Theranostics

• Neuro-Wearables

• Emergency & Acute Care Technologies

• Clinical Pharmacology

• Physiological Closed-Loop Control

• Multimodal Biosensing

• Bioelectronic Medicine

• Precision Drug Delivery

• Edge AI & Digital Twins

• Autonomous Healthcare

• Human–Machine Therapeutic Systems

Mission

To develop intelligent medical wearables capable of continuously:

Sense → Understand → Predict → Protect → Treat → Verify Response → Adapt

across neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, autonomic, and inflammatory physiology.

The long-term objective is a new healthcare architecture in which medical wearables function not simply as passive monitors, but as continuous physiological protection and precision-intervention systems across clinical, emergency, home, occupational, and other appropriate real-world environments.

Core Clinical & Technology Programs

Closed-Loop Medical Wearables & Neuro-Theranostics

aArmor™ develops multimodal wearable architectures that integrate sensing, computational intelligence, and therapeutic actuation within a unified platform.

Technology areas include:

• Reduced-channel dry-electrode EEG

• ECG and cardiac electrophysiologic monitoring

• PPG and pulse-wave analysis

• Heart-rate and heart-rate-variability analytics

• Oxygenation and respiratory monitoring

• Multisite bioimpedance sensing

• Motion and biomechanical sensing

• Temperature and environmental sensing

• Microneedle and interstitial-fluid sensing

• Microfluidic biomarker analysis

• Smart-textile sensor networks

• Transdermal therapeutic delivery

• Acoustic neuromodulation

• Transcutaneous electrical neuromodulation

• Adaptive compression and mechanical actuation

These capabilities are designed to create wearable systems that can observe multiple physiological systems simultaneously and respond according to predefined clinical and safety rules.

Smart-Textile Medical Armor

aArmor™ investigates next-generation electronic textiles capable of distributing sensing, computation, communication, and therapeutic functions across wearable garments.

The Medical Armor architecture may integrate:

• Conductive textile networks

• Flexible and stretchable electronics

• Distributed physiological sensors

• Textile respiratory monitoring

• Integrated electrophysiology

• Microfluidic sampling

• Wearable biochemical sensing

• Embedded therapeutic actuators

• Adaptive compression

• Local edge processing

• Wireless connectivity

• Modular power systems

Rather than attaching multiple independent devices to a patient, aArmor™ seeks to establish a unified body-area medical platform in which sensing and therapeutic components operate as one coordinated system.

Neurophysiology & Adaptive Neuromodulation

aArmor™ develops wearable neurotechnology for measuring and modulating physiologic states using continuously acquired neural and multimodal signals.

Research areas include:

• Quantitative EEG

• Sleep microstructure

• Slow oscillations

• Sleep spindles

• Neural spectral dynamics

• Cortical arousal

• Autonomic-neural coupling

• State-dependent stimulation

• Phase-targeted acoustic stimulation

• Transcutaneous neuromodulation

• Personalized stimulation timing

• Closed-loop treatment-response monitoring

The objective is to connect measurable neurophysiology directly to precisely timed, safety-bounded therapeutic interventions.

Clinical Pharmacology & Precision Drug Delivery

aArmor™ investigates the integration of wearable biosensing with pharmacologic modeling and controlled therapeutic delivery.

Research capabilities include:

• Interstitial-fluid sensing

• Sweat biomarker analysis

• Microfluidic sampling

• Transdermal iontophoresis

• Electroporation technologies

• Microneedle delivery systems

• Pharmacokinetic modeling

• Pharmacodynamic modeling

• Patient-specific PK/PD estimation

• Biomarker-guided dosing research

• Treatment-response monitoring

• Closed-loop dosing architectures

The long-term vision is to connect biomarker → physiologic state → therapeutic need → controlled dose → measured response within a rigorously safety-bounded system.

Emergency & Critical Physiological Monitoring

aArmor™ develops wearable technologies for detecting early physiological deterioration before conventional intermittent measurements reveal overt instability.

Research applications include:

• Hemodynamic deterioration detection

• Cardiovascular instability monitoring

• Respiratory compromise detection

• Arrhythmia monitoring

• Inflammatory trajectory monitoring

• Autonomic instability

• Neurological deterioration

• Perfusion assessment

• Emergency transport monitoring

• Continuous multi-system surveillance

Multimodal sensing enables physiological trajectories to be evaluated over time rather than relying exclusively on isolated measurements.

Predictive Physiological Intelligence

aArmor™ combines multimodal sensor data with computational models designed to estimate current physiological state and predict clinically meaningful changes.

Computational approaches may include:

• Multimodal machine learning

• Time-series modeling

• Physics-informed machine learning

• Digital twin modeling

• Physiologic trajectory prediction

• Anomaly detection

• Patient-specific baseline modeling

• Uncertainty estimation

• Signal-quality assessment

• Adaptive control algorithms

The objective is to develop systems capable of distinguishing normal physiological variation from meaningful changes that may require clinical attention or a permitted therapeutic response.

Physiological Closed-Loop Control

aArmor™ is built around Physiological Closed-Loop Control (PCLC).

The core architecture follows:

Multimodal Sensing → Signal Quality → Physiologic State Estimation → Risk Prediction → Therapeutic Decision → Safety Guardrails → Intervention → Response Measurement → Adaptation

Potential therapeutic outputs include:

• Bioelectronic neuromodulation

• Acoustic stimulation

• Respiratory guidance

• Adaptive compression

• Behavioral intervention

• Clinician-directed therapeutic actions

• Controlled transdermal delivery where appropriate

Every automated therapeutic pathway is designed around explicit eligibility criteria, intervention limits, response monitoring, and safety controls.

Safety-Bounded Adaptive Intelligence

Autonomy in medicine requires a fundamentally different approach to safety.

aArmor™ develops multilayer safety architectures incorporating:

• Deterministic safety boundaries

• Physiological eligibility criteria

• Signal Quality Index thresholds

• Confidence and uncertainty thresholds

• Dose and exposure limits

• Contraindication detection

• Treatment-inhibit states

• Safe-mode operation

• Hard-stop conditions

• Baseline reversion

• Clinician override

• Event logging

• Requirements traceability

• Algorithm performance monitoring

• Change-control frameworks

Adaptive intelligence operates inside defined safety envelopes, with the level of autonomy matched to clinical evidence, intended use, regulatory authorization, and human oversight.

Clinical Applications

Sleep & Restorative Physiology

Objective home-based measurement of sleep neurophysiology, cardiorespiratory function, autonomic recovery, and other physiological signals with personalized, safety-controlled intervention research.

Acute Physiological Deterioration

Continuous multimodal monitoring and trajectory analysis to investigate earlier identification of hemodynamic, respiratory, neurological, or systemic deterioration.

Cardiovascular Monitoring

Continuous electrophysiologic and hemodynamic sensing for arrhythmia detection, autonomic assessment, perfusion monitoring, and longitudinal cardiovascular evaluation.

Inflammatory & Metabolic Monitoring

Integration of wearable biochemical sensing with physiological measurements to investigate dynamic metabolic and inflammatory states.

Adaptive Therapeutic Delivery

Research into physiologically informed, safety-bounded delivery of bioelectronic, mechanical, behavioral, and pharmacologic interventions.

Emergency Transport & Remote Care

Continuous physiological surveillance designed to support patients across transport, emergency response, hospital-at-home, and other distributed-care environments.

aArmor™ Technology Platforms

aArmor™: Full-body smart-textile medical sensing and theranostic architecture

aHead™: Wearable neurophysiology, EEG, sleep, and neuromodulation platform

aSkin™: Flexible biochemical, electrophysiologic, and microfluidic sensing interfaces

aDose™: Precision transdermal therapeutic-delivery research platform

aGuard™: Physiological safety guardrails, intervention limits, and closed-loop protection

aTwin™: Patient-specific physiological digital twin and trajectory modeling

aEdge™: Low-latency wearable signal processing and closed-loop computational infrastructure

aTextile™: Electronic-textile sensing, communication, and therapeutic integration

Integrated NSMS Autonomous Healthcare Ecosystem

aArmor™ serves as the wearable sensing and therapeutic interface between the human body and the broader NSMS autonomous healthcare ecosystem.

aArmor™ → aData™
Continuous multimodal physiological and therapeutic-response data

aArmor™ ↔ aNeuro™
Electrophysiology, neurophysiologic biomarkers, neuromodulation, and treatment safety

aArmor™ ↔ aTwins™
Patient-specific physiological models, trajectory prediction, and treatment simulation

aArmor™ ↔ aVerify™
Requirements, interfaces, integration, traceability, engineering V&V, and system assurance

aArmor™ → aValidate™
Human feasibility, clinical outcomes, and multicenter validation

aArmor™ ↔ DrRobots™
Interoperable wearable and robotic sensing, decision support, and clinician-supervised intervention

aArmor™ → aLaunch™
Manufacturing transition, strategic partnerships, regulatory-market planning, and commercialization

Together, these capabilities establish an integrated autonomous-healthcare pathway:

Sense → Understand → Predict → Protect → Intervene → Validate Response → Learn

Core Engineering & Translational Infrastructure

aArmor™ research spans:

• Flexible and stretchable electronics

• Smart-textile engineering

• Wearable electrophysiology

• Microfluidic biosensors

• Microneedle interfaces

• Edge computing

• Embedded systems

• Real-time signal processing

• Digital twin integration

• Cybersecurity

• Human factors

• Systems engineering

• Risk management

• Verification and validation

• Quality-system readiness

• Regulatory science

Development is designed to support progression from prototype → engineering verification → human feasibility → clinical validation → regulatory pathway → manufacturing → deployment.

R&D / Clinical Domains

• Medical Wearables

• Smart-Textile Theranostics

• Wearable Biosensors

• Quantitative EEG

• Neuro-Wearables

• Clinical Pharmacology

• Emergency Medicine Technologies

• Physiological Closed-Loop Control

• Microfluidics

• Interstitial-Fluid Sensing

• Precision Drug Delivery

• Bioelectronic Medicine

• Neuromodulation

• Cardiopulmonary Monitoring

• Digital Twins

• Edge AI

• Predictive Physiology

• Autonomous Healthcare

• Human–Machine Systems

• Precision Medicine

Leadership

June Lee, MD, PhD
Director, NSMS National Medical Armor & Closed-Loop Wearables Center (aArmor™)

Executive Deputy Director, Chief Medical Officer, and Chief Healthcare AI Architect, NSMS

June Lee, MD, PhD, leads the development of integrated medical wearable systems combining multimodal physiological sensing, clinical pharmacology, smart-textile engineering, computational intelligence, and safety-controlled therapeutic technologies.

His work focuses on transforming medical wearables from passive monitoring devices into continuous physiological intelligence and protection platforms capable of measuring changing human physiology, identifying emerging risk, supporting personalized therapeutic decisions, and evaluating treatment response in real time.

Under his leadership, aArmor™ is developing an integrated physical interface for precision and autonomous medicine—connecting the human body with sensing, computational intelligence, digital twins, clinical decision systems, and therapeutic technologies.

The Future of Medical Armor

The future of medical wearables extends beyond counting steps, measuring heart rate, or collecting isolated biomarkers.

Medical Armor represents a different paradigm: a continuously connected physiological layer designed to understand the individual, identify meaningful change, support earlier intervention, and enable increasingly personalized care.

Continuous Sensing. Predictive Intelligence. Precision Intervention. Physiological Protection.

aArmor™ — Wearable Intelligence for the Future of Medicine.